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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2024 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627: “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 1934-1984” (Sur le chemin de Bourguiba).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 21 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1924 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0651\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 40 \u0633\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0651\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631… \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a 2 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1934.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0631\u062a) \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1944 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1947 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0641\u064a\u0631. \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 “\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646” (Mission) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1952 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0634\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652 \u0632\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0631 (\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0631\u062a) \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0633\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 – \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1956 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1957.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1962 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0634\u0651\u0629: \u0645\u0646 1969 \u0625\u0644\u0649 17 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 18 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1973 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 31 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1976 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1980 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 6 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1984\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a 26 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1983 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 19 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648 114 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 120 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 7 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1984\u060c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629” \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645 8 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0636\u0651\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a 9 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 13 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987 \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u063a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f 14 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2011 \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 11 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 2016 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2024 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629: “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 1934-1984” (Sur le chemin de Bourguiba)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 264 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iles de la Mer, \u00eeles du d\u00e9sert<\/strong><\/em>, Revue Fran\u00e7aise de l’Elite Europ\u00e9enne, n\u00b0 sp\u00e9cial \u00abTunisie\u00bb, n\u00b0 166, juil. 1964 pp. 11-22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f: “\u0648\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0640\u0631\u0621\u064f \u062d\u064e\u0640\u062f\u064a\u0640\u062b\u064c \u0628\u064e\u0640\u0639\u0640\u062f\u064e\u0647\u064f *** \u0641\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u062d\u064e\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0640\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0640\u0646 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u0640\u0649”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 20 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0633\u00a0\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 (\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 24 \u0633\u0646\u0629).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":7715538,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[306,9,10,8],"tags":[105424,105427,1541,84208,67593,98271,5137,105426,2629,105425,101294,102795],"class_list":["post-7715520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-306","category-9","category-10","category-8","tag-105424","tag-105427","tag-1541","tag-84208","tag-67593","tag-98271","tag-5137","tag-105426","tag-2629","tag-105425","tag-101294","tag-102795"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 - \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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