{"id":15207620,"date":"2025-01-17T08:38:37","date_gmt":"2025-01-17T07:38:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/?p=15207620"},"modified":"2025-01-17T11:39:41","modified_gmt":"2025-01-17T10:39:41","slug":"moyen-orient-les-etats-unis-et-la-creation-du-chaos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2025\/01\/17\/moyen-orient-les-etats-unis-et-la-creation-du-chaos\/","title":{"rendered":"Moyen-Orient : les Etats-Unis et la \u00abcr\u00e9ation du chaos\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dans le contexte complexe des relations au Moyen-Orient, deux approches strat\u00e9giques distinctes mais li\u00e9es \u00e9mergent dans la pens\u00e9e politique am\u00e9ricaine des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. L\u2019une est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 Henry Kissinger, ancien secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat, et l\u2019autre \u00e0 Donald Rumsfeld, ancien secr\u00e9taire \u00e0 la D\u00e9fense. Bien qu\u2019ancr\u00e9es dans des p\u00e9riodes diff\u00e9rentes, ces deux visions incarnent des attitudes oppos\u00e9es face \u00e0 la gestion des crises r\u00e9gionales.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e9ma\u00efs Gharbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Kissinger et la diplomatie de l\u2019urgence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Avant la guerre du Kippour en 1973, Henry Kissinger, lors d\u2019un \u00e9change avec le pr\u00e9sident \u00e9gyptien Anouar Sadate, reconnaissait les limites de la diplomatie am\u00e9ricaine pour r\u00e9soudre certains conflits. Sadate lui rappela alors que le pr\u00e9sident Eisenhower en 1956 avait r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 mettre fin \u00e0 l\u2019occupation du canal de Suez par les forces franco-britanniques et du Sina\u00ef par Isra\u00ebl. Kissinger r\u00e9pondit que cette diplomatie avait r\u00e9ussi parce qu\u2019elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e \u00ab\u00e0 chaud\u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce commentaire, loin de tomber dans l\u2019oreille d\u2019un sourd, stimula la r\u00e9flexion strat\u00e9gique de Sadate, qui intensifia ses pr\u00e9paratifs politiques et militaires en vue de la guerre de 1973. Ce conflit bouleversa les \u00e9quilibres r\u00e9gionaux : l\u2019\u00c9gypte r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer une partie significative du Sina\u00ef, se retrouvant en position de force pour engager des n\u00e9gociations. Cette dynamique mena aux accords de paix de Camp David entre l\u2019\u00c9gypte et Isra\u00ebl, en 1978, et, plus tard, ceux d’Oslo entre l\u2019OLP et Isra\u00ebl en 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kissinger d\u00e9montra ainsi que la pression et l\u2019urgence pouvaient \u00eatre des leviers puissants pour remodeler les relations r\u00e9gionales et amorcer des processus de paix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La cr\u00e9ation du chaos de Rumsfeld<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Des d\u00e9cennies plus tard, Donald Rumsfeld introduisit la notion de \u00abchaos cr\u00e9atif\u00bb<\/em> dans le cadre des interventions am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient, notamment apr\u00e8s les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Contrairement \u00e0 l\u2019approche de Kissinger, ax\u00e9e sur une diplomatie r\u00e9active et cibl\u00e9e, Rumsfeld et les n\u00e9o-conservateurs d\u00e9fendaient l\u2019id\u00e9e que la d\u00e9stabilisation des r\u00e9gimes autoritaires pouvait, paradoxalement, favoriser l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019un nouvel ordre politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon cette doctrine, le d\u00e9sordre provoqu\u00e9 volontairement dans des \u00c9tats fragiles offrait l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 d\u2019y implanter des r\u00e9formes d\u00e9mocratiques et de r\u00e9\u00e9quilibrer les rapports de force r\u00e9gionaux. Cette strat\u00e9gie fut notamment mise en \u0153uvre lors de l\u2019invasion de l\u2019Irak en 2003, avec l\u2019espoir que la chute de Saddam Hussein entra\u00eenerait une transformation d\u00e9mocratique du pays et, par ricochet, de la r\u00e9gion. La suite, on la conna\u00eet : plus de dictature, de d\u00e9sordre, de violence et de morts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un interminable cycle de violence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le contraste entre ces deux visions est saisissant. Kissinger misait sur une intervention diplomatique \u00e9clair\u00e9e et pragmatique, exploitant les crises comme des occasions de n\u00e9gociation dans le cadre g\u00e9opolitique existant. Rumsfeld, au contraire, pr\u00f4nait la d\u00e9construction des structures en place pour permettre, selon lui, l\u2019\u00e9mergence spontan\u00e9e de nouvelles formes de gouvernance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Kissinger utilisait la guerre comme un levier strat\u00e9gique en faveur de la diplomatie, Rumsfeld voyait dans le conflit et le chaos des instruments directs de transformation sociale et politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9finitive, l\u2019approche \u00ab\u00e0 chaud\u00bb<\/em> de Kissinger et le concept de \u00abchaos cr\u00e9atif\u00bb<\/em> de Rumsfeld illustrent les tensions qui traversent la strat\u00e9gie am\u00e9ricaine au Moyen-Orient. D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, la gestion proactive des crises pour atteindre une paix toujours difficile; de l\u2019autre, la conviction que la d\u00e9stabilisation volontaire peut engendrer un nouvel ordre. L\u2019h\u00e9ritage de ces deux doctrines continue d\u2019alimenter les d\u00e9bats strat\u00e9giques contemporains, et les \u00e9v\u00e9nements r\u00e9cents soulignent la complexit\u00e9 des efforts de r\u00e9solution des conflits dans cette r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des peuples condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 coexister<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    La guerre actuelle \u00e0 Gaza semble d\u2019ailleurs r\u00e9sulter de ces deux logiques oppos\u00e9es. Il est regrettable de constater que les dirigeants sont incapables, en temps de paix, de rechercher des solutions qu\u2019ils finissent par accepter sous la contrainte des conflits, apr\u00e8s des destructions massives et des souffrances profondes. Ce cycle de violence aggrave les fractures psychologiques et historiques entre des peuples pourtant condamn\u00e9s par la g\u00e9ographie et l\u2019histoire \u00e0 coexister.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    L\u2019engrenage tragique dans l\u2019enclave palestinienne quasi-d\u00e9truite r\u00e9v\u00e8le aussi l\u2019\u00e9chec des politiques de g\u00e9nocide ou de d\u00e9racinement, qui n\u2019ont pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 briser la r\u00e9sistance farouche d\u2019un peuple d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u2019accrocher \u00e0 sa terre, au prix du sang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avec plus de 50\u202f000 morts et plus de 110\u202f000 bless\u00e9s, Gaza paie aujourd\u2019hui un tribut humain insoutenable, symbole des cons\u00e9quences dramatiques de choix g\u00e9opolitiques fond\u00e9s sur la violence et la domination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Face \u00e0 cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il devient imp\u00e9ratif de repenser les approches strat\u00e9giques en privil\u00e9giant des solutions justes et durables, qui reconnaissent les droits et les aspirations des peuples \u00e0 vivre en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et en dignit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    * Ecrivain et traducteur.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Dans le contexte complexe du Moyen-Orient, deux approches strat\u00e9giques \u00e9mergent dans la pens\u00e9e politique am\u00e9ricaine des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":15207698,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[992,997,1000,2433],"tags":[75396,78749,120165,98491,2444,111719,81058,2478,79371],"class_list":["post-15207620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-politique","category-tribune","category-tunisie","tag-anouar-sadate","tag-camp-david","tag-donald-rumsfeld","tag-egypte-2","tag-gaza","tag-genocide","tag-henry-kissinger","tag-israel","tag-moyen-orient-2"],"yoast_head":"\nMoyen-Orient : les Etats-Unis et la \u00abcr\u00e9ation du chaos\u00bb - Kapitalis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2025\/01\/17\/moyen-orient-les-etats-unis-et-la-creation-du-chaos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Moyen-Orient : les Etats-Unis et la \u00abcr\u00e9ation du chaos\u00bb - 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