{"id":18401594,"date":"2026-02-24T11:05:08","date_gmt":"2026-02-24T10:05:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/?p=18401594"},"modified":"2026-02-24T11:05:12","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T10:05:12","slug":"le-ghot-un-systeme-hydro-agricole-oasien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2026\/02\/24\/le-ghot-un-systeme-hydro-agricole-oasien\/","title":{"rendered":"Le ghot, un syst\u00e8me hydro-agricole oasien"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Entre savoirs locaux et ing\u00e9nierie naturelle dans le sud tunisien : dans le Sahara, le ghot, l\u2019oasis s\u00e8che, le vent creuse et le palmier boit dans la nappe phr\u00e9atique. On y acc\u00e8de parfois avec une pelle, des paniers de sable sur les \u00e9paules et une connaissance millim\u00e9trique du vent. C\u2019est la logique du ghot, en arabe <\/em><\/strong>\u063a\u0648\u0637<\/em><\/strong>, un syst\u00e8me oasien qui permet de cultiver des palmiers dattiers en exploitant la nappe phr\u00e9atique superficielle, sans irrigation \u00abmoderne\u00bb continue.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Le sujet est revenu sur le devant de la sc\u00e8ne ces derniers jours dans un texte partag\u00e9 sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux et sign\u00e9 par l\u2019agronome Noureddine Nasr, relay\u00e9 \u00e9galement par son coll\u00e8gue marocain Lahcen Kabiri, avec une invitation \u00e0 recueillir des informations sur d’\u00e9ventuels exemples historiques ou vestiges du syst\u00e8me en Tunisie, en Libye et au Maroc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le c\u0153ur du r\u00e9cit reste toutefois une r\u00e9gion symbolique : la vall\u00e9e de l\u2019Oued Souf, dans le sud-est de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie. Selon la FAO, le ghot<\/em> est un syst\u00e8me hydro-agricole traditionnel bas\u00e9 sur le creusement des dunes, utilisant les connaissances sur les vents dominants pour cr\u00e9er de grandes cuvettes o\u00f9 planter des palmiers dattiers \u00abau-dessus\u00bb<\/em> des ressources en eau souterraines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rapprocher la plante de l\u2019humidit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ce mod\u00e8le permet \u00e9galement la culture de couches inf\u00e9rieures, telles que des l\u00e9gumes et des arbres fruitiers, et contribue \u00e0 maintenir la biodiversit\u00e9 et le microclimat local. Il s\u2019agit de l\u2019un des sites reconnus par le programme Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, lanc\u00e9 en 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans le r\u00e9cit social qui a raviv\u00e9 l\u2019attention, la \u00abnaissance\u00bb<\/em> d\u2019un ghot <\/em>est d\u00e9crite comme une entreprise collective : d\u2019abord, l\u2019identification du point o\u00f9 la nappe phr\u00e9atique est proche, puis l\u2019ouverture d\u2019une cavit\u00e9 initiale et enfin l\u2019utilisation du vent comme alli\u00e9, guid\u00e9 par des barri\u00e8res et des obstacles mobiles pour favoriser l\u2019enl\u00e8vement naturel du sable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette logique est coh\u00e9rente avec ce que rapportent \u00e9galement des sources universitaires, qui d\u00e9crivent des palmiers cultiv\u00e9s dans de grands crat\u00e8res creus\u00e9s \u00e0 la main dans les dunes, dont les racines b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de la remont\u00e9e capillaire de l\u2019eau souterraine. Le principe est simple et, en m\u00eame temps, sophistiqu\u00e9 : rapprocher la plante de l\u2019humidit\u00e9, en r\u00e9duisant au minimum les pertes par \u00e9vaporation typiques de l\u2019irrigation dans un environnement hyperaride.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette \u00aboasis invers\u00e9e\u00bb<\/em>, la protection contre le vent et l\u2019ensablement reste une condition de survie, traditionnellement assur\u00e9e par des cl\u00f4tures de palmiers secs et un travail constant d\u2019entretien du bord du bassin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La question de savoir si le ghot<\/em> existait \u00e9galement en Tunisie trouve au moins une confirmation documentaire : une publication sur les oasis tunisiennes rappelle que la technique consistant \u00e0 planter de jeunes palmiers \u00abau niveau de la nappe phr\u00e9atique superficielle\u00bb<\/em> a exist\u00e9, citant explicitement le ghot<\/em> comme une pratique historique. Cette r\u00e9f\u00e9rence est li\u00e9e, en filigrane, \u00e0 la profonde transformation de l\u2019oasis tunisienne au cours de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle et au-del\u00e0, de plus en plus d\u00e9pendante des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements d\u2019eau et des infrastructures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans le gouvernorat de K\u00e9bili, des \u00e9tudes sur le d\u00e9veloppement agricole li\u00e9 aux ressources g\u00e9othermiques d\u00e9crivent un r\u00e9seau important de forages et d\u2019utilisations irrigu\u00e9es, avec de l\u2019eau pr\u00e9lev\u00e9e dans de grands aquif\u00e8res profonds puis utilis\u00e9e, apr\u00e8s refroidissement, pour l\u2019irrigation ou dans des syst\u00e8mes \u00aben cascade\u00bb<\/em> entre serres et palmeraies. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un mod\u00e8le \u00e9loign\u00e9 de la logique originelle du ghot<\/em>, qui peut alt\u00e9rer, \u00e0 terme, l\u2019\u00e9quilibre entre les nappes phr\u00e9atiques superficielles et profondes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pacte entre l\u2019homme, l\u2019eau et le vent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Si l\u2019image de l\u2019oasis saharienne \u00e9voque avant tout la raret\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, dans le cas du Souf, les \u00e9tudes d\u00e9crivent \u00e9galement un risque inverse : la remont\u00e9e de la nappe phr\u00e9atique, aliment\u00e9e par des pratiques d\u2019irrigation intensives, des dispersions hydriques et l\u2019absence ou l\u2019insuffisance de drainage et de r\u00e9seaux d\u2019\u00e9vacuation. Le paradoxe est que le m\u00eame syst\u00e8me cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour exploiter une nappe \u00abproche et stable\u00bb<\/em> peut devenir fragile lorsque l\u2019\u00e9quilibre hydrique est rompu, soit par un abaissement d\u00fb \u00e0 la surexploitation, soit par une \u00e9l\u00e9vation li\u00e9e \u00e0 des recharges artificielles et \u00e0 une mauvaise gestion de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est une le\u00e7on qui concerne, par analogie, les oasis tunisiennes, o\u00f9 la durabilit\u00e9 est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la gouvernance des aquif\u00e8res et \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 la lutte contre la d\u00e9sertification et le stress climatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans les discussions relanc\u00e9es derni\u00e8rement, le ghot<\/em> est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme une \u00absolution bas\u00e9e sur la nature\u00bb<\/em> avant la lettre, un pacte entre l\u2019homme, l\u2019eau et le vent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La perspective est \u00e9galement \u00e9conomique : valoriser les produits des oasis en tant que patrimoine, r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les ghot<\/em> abandonn\u00e9s, construire des fili\u00e8res de qualit\u00e9 et des parcours d\u2019\u00e9cotourisme et d\u2019agritourisme. Mais la survie du syst\u00e8me, comme l\u2019indiquent tant les sources institutionnelles que les \u00e9tudes techniques, d\u00e9pend d\u2019une condition pr\u00e9alable : reprendre le contr\u00f4le de la gestion de la nappe phr\u00e9atique, limiter les forages incontr\u00f4l\u00e9s, am\u00e9liorer le drainage et les r\u00e9seaux, et planifier l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau. Sans ce cadre, le ghot<\/em> risque de rester une suggestion iconique, id\u00e9ale pour les photographies a\u00e9riennes, mais incapable de r\u00e9sister \u00e0 l\u2019impact de l’agriculture intensive, de l\u2019urbanisation et de la crise climatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019apr\u00e8s Ansamed<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dans le Sahara, le ghot, l\u2019oasis s\u00e8che, le vent creuse la dune de sable et le palmier boit dans la nappe phr\u00e9atique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":18401626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[992,995,2433],"tags":[127138,127140,108003,121527,127139,111039,8656,62643],"class_list":["post-18401594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-economie","category-tunisie","tag-ghot","tag-lahcen-kabiri","tag-nappe-phreatique","tag-noureddine-nasr","tag-oasis-seche","tag-palmiers-dattiers","tag-sahara","tag-tunisie"],"yoast_head":"\nLe ghot, un syst\u00e8me hydro-agricole oasien - Kapitalis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dans le Sahara, le ghot, l\u2019oasis s\u00e8che, le vent creuse la dune de sable et le palmier boit dans la nappe phr\u00e9atique.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2026\/02\/24\/le-ghot-un-systeme-hydro-agricole-oasien\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le ghot, un syst\u00e8me hydro-agricole oasien - 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