{"id":7641222,"date":"2023-04-28T07:41:11","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T06:41:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/?p=7641222"},"modified":"2023-04-28T07:44:03","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T06:44:03","slug":"penurie-deau-sans-precedent-dans-la-region-mena","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2023\/04\/28\/penurie-deau-sans-precedent-dans-la-region-mena\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau \u00absans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00bb dans la r\u00e9gion Mena"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La disponibilit\u00e9 annuelle moyenne des ressources en eau par an et par habitant dans la r\u00e9gion du Moyen-Orient et de l\u2019Afrique du Nord (Mena) tombera sous le seuil de \u00abp\u00e9nurie absolue de 500 m\u00e8tres cubes\u00bb d’ici 2030, a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 la Banque mondiale (BM) dans un rapport publi\u00e9 jeudi 27 avril 2023.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Les pays de cette r\u00e9gion, dont la Tunisie, sont expos\u00e9s \u00e0 une p\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau \u00absans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00bb<\/em> qui deviendra \u00abplus aigu\u00eb\u00bb<\/em> \u00e0 mesure que la population augmentera, selon le rapport intitul\u00e9 \u00abThe Economics of Water Scarcity in Mena : Institutional Solutions\u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon la Banque mondiale, d\u2019ici la fin de cette d\u00e9cennie, la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau disponible par habitant et par an tombera en dessous du seuil absolu de p\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau de 500 m\u00e8tres cubes par personne et par an. Il estime \u00e9galement que d\u2019ici 2050, 25 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes d\u2019eau suppl\u00e9mentaires par an seront n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins de la r\u00e9gion. Cela \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 la construction de 65 usines de dessalement de la taille de l\u2019usine de Ras Al Khair en Arabie saoudite, qui est actuellement la plus grande au monde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9l\u00e9guer la d\u00e9cision aux responsables locaux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pour faire face au stress hydrique, le rapport recommande que les pays de la r\u00e9gion ne s\u2019appuient plus sur une strat\u00e9gie d\u2019investissement dans les infrastructures hydrauliques (barrages, usines de dessalement, etc.) pour augmenter l\u2019approvisionnement en eau, sans aborder de mani\u00e8re ad\u00e9quate les questions critiques d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et de gouvernance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le m\u00eame rapport indique que la moiti\u00e9 des services publics d\u2019eau ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que plus de 30% de l\u2019eau produite n\u2019est pas factur\u00e9e aux clients en raison de fuites dans les canalisations, de compteurs d\u2019eau inefficaces et de raccordements ill\u00e9gaux. Il souligne donc la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de r\u00e9formes institutionnelles pour financer et entretenir ces infrastructures et r\u00e9guler la demande. Et propose que les services d\u2019eau professionnels et les organismes techniques nationaux, d\u2019une part, et les collectivit\u00e9s locales, d\u2019autre part, se voient accorder \u00abune plus grande autonomie et des pouvoirs strat\u00e9giques\u00bb<\/em> pour g\u00e9rer les diff\u00e9rents aspects des services et de l\u2019attribution de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les institutions existantes qui g\u00e8rent l\u2019allocation des ressources restent \u00abhautement centralis\u00e9es et technocratiques\u00bb<\/em>, ce qui limite leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 faire des compromis sur l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau au niveau local.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces r\u00e9formes sont \u00abn\u00e9cessaires\u00bb<\/em> pour accro\u00eetre l\u2019autonomie et la d\u00e9centralisation des d\u00e9cisions concernant la gestion de l\u2019eau et la prestation de services, et pour renforcer la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de la tarification et de la r\u00e9glementation de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meilleure sensibilisation des consommateurs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pour mener \u00e0 bien ces r\u00e9formes, la Banque mondiale souligne l\u2019importance d\u2019une meilleure communication avec les citoyens sur la raret\u00e9 de l\u2019eau et les strat\u00e9gies nationales de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A cet \u00e9gard, la BM cite l’exemple du Br\u00e9sil et de l’Afrique du Sud, qui ont utilis\u00e9 une campagne de sensibilisation pour r\u00e9duire la consommation d’eau. Au Cap, par exemple, les autorit\u00e9s municipales ont partag\u00e9 un \u00abtableau de bord de l\u2019eau\u00bb<\/em>, qui fournissait des informations hebdomadaires sur la consommation totale d\u2019eau dans la ville \u00e0 l\u2019approche du \u00abjour z\u00e9ro\u00bb<\/em> (le point auquel les ressources en eau devraient \u00eatre compl\u00e8tement \u00e9puis\u00e9es).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une telle transparence de la part d\u2019un pouvoir municipal repr\u00e9sentatif \u00e9lu localement a persuad\u00e9 les habitants de l\u2019urgence et les a rendus plus susceptibles de se conformer aux restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En somme, ces r\u00e9formes institutionnelles pourraient aider les gouvernements \u00e0 ren\u00e9gocier le contrat social avec les populations de la r\u00e9gion Mena, fait valoir la m\u00eame source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En somme, ces r\u00e9formes institutionnelles sont susceptibles d\u2019aider les gouvernements \u00e0 ren\u00e9gocier le contrat social avec les populations de la r\u00e9gion Mena, fait valoir la m\u00eame source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00abPlut\u00f4t que de fixer les tarifs de l\u2019eau et de r\u00e9glementer l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau par le biais de directives verticales, d\u00e9l\u00e9guer davantage d\u2019autorit\u00e9 aux agences techniques de gestion des ressources en eau, aux services publics et aux communaut\u00e9s locales pourrait renforcer la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat et la confiance dans sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 g\u00e9rer la p\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau\u00bb<\/em>, conclut la BM.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La r\u00e9gion du Mena tombera sous le seuil de \u00abp\u00e9nurie absolue de 500 m\u00e8tres cubes\u00bb d’eau par an et par habitant d’ici 2030. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":7641326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[995,2433],"tags":[130,89583,104089,16115,62643],"class_list":["post-7641222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","category-tunisie","tag-banque-mondiale","tag-penurie-deau","tag-region-mena","tag-stress-hydrique","tag-tunisie"],"yoast_head":"\nP\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau \u00absans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00bb dans la r\u00e9gion Mena - Kapitalis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2023\/04\/28\/penurie-deau-sans-precedent-dans-la-region-mena\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"P\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau \u00absans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00bb dans la r\u00e9gion Mena - 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